Regular Expressions in Perl - Reference

This document presents a tabular summary of the regular expression (regexp) syntax in Perl, then illustrates it with a collection of annotated examples.

Metacharacters

char	meaning
`^`	beginning of string
`$`	end of string
`.`	any character except newline
`*`	match 0 or more times
`+`	match 1 or more times
`?`	match 0 or 1 times; or: shortest match
`\|`	alternative
`( )`	grouping; “storing”
`[ ]`	set of characters
`{ }`	repetition modifier
`\`	quote or special

To present a metacharacter as a data character standing for itself, precede it with \ (e.g. \. matches the full stop character . only).

In the table above, the characters themselves, in the first column, are links to descriptions of characters in my The ISO Latin 1 character repertoire - a description with usage notes. Note that the physical appearance (glyph) of a character may vary from one device or program or font to another.

Repetition

`a*`	zero or more `a`’s
`a+`	one or more `a`’s
`a?`	zero or one `a`’s (i.e., optional `a`)
`a{m}`	exactly `m` `a`’s
`a{m,}`	at least `m` `a`’s
`a{m,n}`	at least `m` but at most `n` `a`’s
`repetition?`	same as `repetition` but the shortest match is taken

Read the notation a’s as “occurrences of strings, each of which matches the pattern a”. Read repetition as any of the repetition expressions listed above it. Shortest match means that the shortest string matching the pattern is taken. The default is “greedy matching”, which finds the longest match. The repetition? construct was introduced in Perl version 5.

Special notations with `\`

Single characters
`\t`	tab
`\n`	newline
`\r`	return (CR)
`\xhh`	character with hex. code `hh`

“Zero-width assertions”
`\b`	“word” boundary
`\B`	not a “word” boundary

Matching
`\w`	matches any single character classified as a “word” character (alphanumeric or “`_`”)
`\W`	matches any non-“word” character
`\s`	matches any whitespace character (space, tab, newline)
`\S`	matches any non-whitespace character
`\d`	matches any digit character, equiv. to `[0-9]`
`\D`	matches any non-digit character

Character sets: specialities inside `[`...`]`

Different meanings apply inside a character set (“character class”) denoted by [...] so that, instead of the normal rules given here, the following apply:

`[characters]`	matches any of the characters in the sequence
`[x-y]`	matches any of the characters from `x` to `y` (inclusively) in the ASCII code
`[\-]`	matches the hyphen character “`-`”
[`\n`]	matches the newline; other single character denotations with `\` apply normally, too
`[^something]`	matches any character except those that `[something]` denotes; that is, immediately after the leading “`[`”, the circumflex “`^`” means “not” applied to all of the rest

Examples

expression	matches...
`abc`	`abc` (that exact character sequence, but anywhere in the string)
`^abc`	`abc` at the beginning of the string
`abc$`	`abc` at the end of the string
`a\|b`	either of `a` and `b`
`^abc\|abc$`	the string `abc` at the beginning or at the end of the string
`ab{2,4}c`	an `a` followed by two, three or four `b`’s followed by a `c`
`ab{2,}c`	an `a` followed by at least two `b`’s followed by a `c`
`ab*c`	an `a` followed by any number (zero or more) of `b`’s followed by a `c`
`ab+c`	an `a` followed by one or more `b`’s followed by a `c`
`ab?c`	an `a` followed by an optional `b` followed by a `c`; that is, either `abc` or `ac`
`a.c`	an `a` followed by any single character (not newline) followed by a `c`
`a\.c`	`a.c` exactly
`[abc]`	any one of `a`, `b` and `c`
`[Aa]bc`	either of `Abc` and `abc`
`[abc]+`	any (nonempty) string of `a`’s, `b`’s and `c’s` (such as `a`, `abba`, `acbabcacaa`)
`[^abc]+`	any (nonempty) string which does not contain any of `a`, `b` and `c` (such as `defg`)
`\d\d`	any two decimal digits, such as `42`; same as \d{2}
`\w+`	a “word”: a nonempty sequence of alphanumeric characters and low lines (underscores), such as `foo` and `12bar8` and `foo_1`
`100\s*mk`	the strings `100` and `mk` optionally separated by any amount of white space (spaces, tabs, newlines)
`abc\b`	`abc` when followed by a word boundary (e.g. in `abc!` but not in `abcd`)
`perl\B`	`perl` when not followed by a word boundary (e.g. in `perlert` but not in `perl stuff`)

Examples of simple use in Perl statements

These examples use very simple regexps only. The intent is just to show contexts where regexps might be used, as well as the effect of some “flags” to matching and replacements. Note in particular that matching is by default case-sensitive (Abc does not match abc unless specified otherwise).

s/foo/bar/;
replaces the first occurrence of the exact character sequence foo in the “current string” (in special variable $_) by the character sequence bar; for example, foolish bigfoot would become barlish bigfoot

s/foo/bar/g;
replaces any occurrence of the exact character sequence foo in the “current string” by the character sequence bar; for example, foolish bigfoot would become barlish bigbart

s/foo/bar/gi;
replaces any occurrence of foo case-insensitively in the “current string” by the character sequence bar (e.g. Foo and FOO get replaced by bar too)

if(m/foo/)...
tests whether the current string contains the string foo Hergestellt in Deutschland / Made in Germany